Showing posts with label wiadesa. Show all posts
Showing posts with label wiadesa. Show all posts

Wednesday, April 19, 2017

Cuaca, Udara Tercemar dan Penyakit Kulit (Contoh Teks Report)

Sepakat gak kalo saat ini cuacanya ekstrim, bro? Ekstrim gimana sih? Pas cuaca panas bikin keringat mengalir deras, ketika hujan bisa semaleman turun bercampur petir menggelegar. Pergantian cuaca cukup tak menentu, di bulan April aja hujan dan panas silih berganti. Ketika siang nih, udaranya terasa kering banget, sedangkan malemnya dingin hampir-hampir menusuk tulang. Pengalaman saya berkendaraan menuju tempat kerja sungguh perjuangan luar biasa. Saya bertugas mengawasi ujian nasional dari tanggal 10 hingga 13 April di madrasah kawasan Wiradesa. Nah, biasanya di MA Hasbullah itu lumayan dekat dengan rumah hanya 30 menit dengan motor, ketika ke tempat ngawasi ujian nasional menjadi lebih jauh yakni bertambah 30 menit perjalanannya, total hampir 1 jam. Perjalanan cukup asyik. Asyiknya karena dapat angin segar. Perjalanan sekitar 30 menit dari Hasbullah itu menuju arah utara melewati Wonopringgo, Bojong dan sampailah di Wiradesa. Berhubung lewat jalan yang terdapat proyek tol maka harus ekstra hati-hati soalnya kalo hujan licin banget, pas panas jalanan menjadi berdebu. Akhirnya merasakan dampak keekstriman cuaca. Tidak berhenti disitu, brother & sister, saya pikir di kota-kota besar di Indonesia juga tingkat polusi udara sudah diatas ambang normal.
Berikut akibat polusi dan zat pollutant yang dapat membuat iritasi kulit misalnya saja kandungan merkuri ketika terjadi hujan asam, debu dengan partikel lainnya dan tentunya kuman serta bakteri. Biasanya kulit gatal-gatal kemerahan, bintik-bintik merah seperti di gigit nyamuk namun bila digaruk perih dan berair. Nah beberapa hal tersebut merupakan sedikit dampak dari semakin buruknya kualitas udara dan tentunya lingkungan kita. Jika semakin hari polusi semakin meningkat maka manusialah yang terkena imbas negatif yang paling parah hingga bahaya kematian. Dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris tentang gangguan kulit atau penyakit kulit (Skin disease) termasuk kedalam jenis teks report. Berikut contoh teks berkaitan dengan kulit: (diambil dari gabungan beberapa sumber)
Skin Disease Report
Many skin diseases in the population aged 65 years old and older are related to lifelong cumulative sun exposure (eg, actinic damage and skin cancer), and increasing susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases. By 2030, the US population aged 65 years and older is estimated to grow by 30 million individuals, and to steadily increase through 2050, with a projected total population aged 65 years and older of 85 million. Growth in national health expenditures is projected to double between 2013 and 2020. With the physician workforce projected to remain relatively flat, the specific ratio of dermatologists to population will decrease over time, especially in rural areas. These projections indicate a current and future challenge to ensure patient access to appropriate dermatologic care.
The cost for individual skin diseases varied widely, partially because of differences in prevalence, but also because of the cost of medical and surgical treatment options. Distributed across the entire US population, the total 2013 health care cost of skin disease was approximately $240 per capita. Other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and end-stage renal disease have significantly higher direct and per affected person costs than skin disease. However, the per capita costs for these 3 diseases are, similar to skin disease, less than $1000 (ie, $950 for cardiovascular disease, $785 for diabetes, and $147 for end-stage renal disease).
Although there are limitations on direct comparison of the previous AAD/SID BSD report and this current report, it reveals that from 2004 to 2013 there has been a roughly 1.7-fold increase in skin disease health care costs. Of note, many new and more effective drugs and treatment options for skin disease were introduced between 2004 and 2013, albeit at higher costs than older treatments. Examples include new topical medications for acne, biologics and excimer laser for psoriasis, checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma, and oral and systemic treatments for cutaneous lymphoma. Since 2013, costs of many widely used dermatologic medications have increased significantly, and better understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases has led to development of new medications. Therefore, the health care cost of skin disease at the time of writing this article most likely surpasses this 2013 estimation.This report estimates that the 2013 opportunity cost as a result of skin disease was nearly $11 billion. Similar to the prevalence and economic BSD, it is also likely that the opportunity cost may be underestimated, as these estimates are calculated using claims-based methods. Although it is well recognized that skin diseases can inflict an enormous toll on the physical and psychosocial well-being of patients and their families, there is currently a lack of adequate studies on quality-of-life measures to systematically estimate the costs on a population level across all skin diseases.
There are limitations to this study. The use of 2013 claims-based prevalence provides a snapshot in time of the actual health care landscape; however, it does underestimate the true prevalence of the disease, as it only accounted those who filed insurance claims in 2013. Furthermore, it limits direct comparisons with other reports that use differing assessments of prevalence and disease costs. The health care landscape has rapidly evolved since 2013; therefore, the true burden at the time of this writing is most likely higher.
In summary, this article presents an up-to-date US national BSD report that addresses 24 skin disease categories. Skin disease is a significant and serious public health consideration for the US population, costing at least $75 billion to treat in a single year. Although this study's approach likely underestimates overall burden, it ensures consistency in comparing prevalence, economic, and mortality data across the 24 skin disease categories. With the projected increase in the age group 65 years and older in the US population, combined with the increased costs of currently in-use and newly developed dermatologic treatment options, the economic BSD will continue to grow. The increased number of individuals older than 65 years, who have higher skin disease burden, needs to be addressed by an appropriate increase in dermatologic care providers.
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Choir (paduan suara) Jaziel and friends sing Close to U
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Pokemon Dance Jaziel and friends
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Unduh lagu nasyid

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